Sunday, August 26, 2007

曾庆豹 :哀悼:关于伟人(大)的种种传言(幽灵)——林连玉的微言大义

哀悼:关于伟人(大)的种种传言(幽灵)——林连玉的微言大义
曾庆豹


(民权委员会按:本文出处不明,本电子档稿件乃多年前键入,现未能寻得原稿校对,请勿据此引用)


引言


关于“伟人”,我们可以纪念、悼念、追忆、评价、挖掘、歌颂、批判……他的一切;我们对待“伟人”的方式,经常是在选择性的记忆和选择性的遗忘中进行。我们总是想起某个“伟人” 比想起一个“事件”来得容易,好像没有“伟人”就没有记忆似的,然而,历史上似乎存在著对“事件”的纪念,不管它是光荣的或者失败的,像法国大革命的“运动”、共产主义的“起义”、六四天安门的“流血”、烈火莫熄的“团结与愤怒”……等等。


对林连玉先生,我做过对他的评价:〈悼念林连玉逝世十周年〉、〈我不分享这个时代的价值:纪念殷海光和林连玉〉。


我常在想:如果没有林连玉,还有华教“运动”吗?华教“运动”只有林连玉吗?


“哀悼”(mourning)在法文中可以被理解为损害、指责、偏见、不公或者伤害,但它也可以当作控诉、愤慨或对惩罚或复仇的要求。在英文,这个字虽然主要地包含痛苦与哀悼的意义,但在委屈(grievance)一字中同样地表达了抱怨、不公、冲突,必须纠正的错误及必须被制裁的暴力等的主旨。


哀悼的策略是:籍由对林连玉的“伤心”,提出对政治的“抱怨”;籍由对林连玉先生的“难过”,提出对教育的“控诉”;籍由对林连玉先生的“悲情”,提出对当今华教错误处境的“纠正”。


哀悼,是把一种许诺从记忆中唤醒,铜刻在想象中的未来。思想必须逾越自身的大限,对未来作出回应,作出承诺。正由于通过哀悼,顺理成章地“继承”林连玉的华教精神,使华教不断地纠缠于疾弱的民主政治与自由思想的“招魂”中。


我们今天以林连玉先生忌日作为悼念“伟人”的日子,是否有一天,我们聚集在此,却是哀悼“华教”,追念它的过(逝)去,没有人可以保证“华教”永远存在,华教“运动”运动至今,当这个运动不再“运动”,当一个一个“伟人”相继也成为了我们悼念的对象,一种关于“悼念”华教的流言将渐渐传播开来……。什么时候作为“运动”的华教不再有“运动”只有着“存在”,什么时候不再有“伟人”,那不正是我们开始悼念它的时候吗?


一、
多年前,我写一片极富争议的文章,题为〈华教运动,动与不动〉(21/4/1996,南洋),结果意外的被董教总领导层以“冷处理”的方式给消音了,今天重读旧作,我发现这篇文章还算得上自己多年来进行社会评论中最满意的文章,这篇文章应该让它重现江湖,它是一篇对华教做出中肯评论的文章。


今天我想用另一种方式来谈论“华教”,在这样一个许多东西都不能谈论的社会里,在“华教的伟人”的论坛上谈论起“伟人的华教”不知可否?


这次我要问:当“民族”不再成为华教的问题,“运动”是否还有必要?
华教是否是一种“民族”事业?如果是,其后果会如何?


华教是否还是一场政治斗争?这场政治斗争真的存在吗?


华教错失了推进现代教育的时机?华教有改革的决心吗?


华教,成也“民族”,败也“民族”。


我们来解读林老一篇于《全国华文教育大会宣言》同时的一篇讲稿说起(p.440):


想像一种(民族)共同体,想像作为华教存在理有的(民族)共同体。


把“华教”和“华族”华的划等号,本质上即是一种自清朝以降的“民族主义论述”的延伸,这种延伸必然要面对一种后果,那就是一旦民族不再作为“主义”可以被动员或煽动,那也就意味著,华教就失去了“灵魂”,变成是纯粹“躯体”,如果有遭一日连躯体的作用也失去了,华教就不过是一具冰冷的尸体。


近代中国民族主义论述中的“体用论”,这所谓的“体”不失指别的,当然更不是儒生们吹嘘的“本体”,而是“躯体”而已,因为华教的变质不在于她是否采用“母语”教学,而在于我们像打著“救中国”的义和团那样,只要“有用”就行,这正是我们这群自小受华文教育的人最常听到的一句话:“用母语教学是最有效的”。这种接合了“民族”的“主义”论述,和“工具取向”的“互为体用论”,其结果必然造就成一种“精神错乱”(民族主义和有用工具如何划上等号)的华教子弟。


华教深受民族主义之害,又将自己陷于民族主义的泥泞中。


二、
“华教”的另外一种“精神错乱”的表现在于对“政治”的虚伪态度上,到底“华教”是一场“政治斗争”,还是“意志斗争”,政治斗争从未消失,但是,为了减少华社的政治张力,“华教”的意识形态论述反而是掩盖政治现实,以“意志”作为斗争,我们对抗“汉奸”比对抗“外敌”更积极。


在一次接受港大经济系讲师访问时,林先生被质疑阻碍了马来亚建国工作,林先生答之:“马来亚建国的先决条件应该是政治,基本条件就是各民族在政治上的平等待遇。”(p.234)


政治即是“敌友之分”,虽说没有永远的朋友,也没有永远的敌人,但是,一旦我们决定它是政治,就得要分个清楚,华教搞不清敌人是谁,不能说是不懂政治,不如说是搞不清楚谁是朋友。到底谁和谁在一起,谁和谁在斗争?


三、
华教”错失了走向现代教育(新思潮)的道路,而且,“华教”一旦与“民族”的“主义”联结,其结果将造就一种“专制而教条”的教育,一种有碍“民主”进展的“父权”思想, 华教扮演了巩固起统治它的那套意识形态,华教人士可能认马哈迪为父的比认林老的更多,这种结果又间接造成迟迟未见华教接班人,“华教四大天王”谢谢收看以后呢?“伟人”,你是否想到未来,尽管你已无缘亲眼看见未来?华教如何面对“只知有马哈迪,不知有林连玉”的这一代?


民族焦虑症使华教变得老气沉沉,华教好像无视于华教存在般,华教有没有改革的议程?华教有没有“年轻化”的议程?“伟人”除了享受他的道德光芒,何不把棒子交出?当华教提早“悼念”年轻的领袖时(看著一代一代年轻人在华教中逝世),为华教树起“墓碑”的日子也不远了。


四、
我曾倡议几种“纪念林老”的五种方式:传记、华教史教科书、华教图片集、制作录影、口述历史。


最后,我以林先生在《第一届华文教育节宣言》的一句话结束:“我们要敬告所有马来亚的华族同胞,身为华人不懂华文是可耻辱、可悲哀的一回事。”(21/11/1955,p.185)。这是一句十足民族的“主义”论述,如果身为华人并不觉得不懂华文是可耻、可悲,华文教育还剩下什么?我认为:只剩下一张脸皮。差别在于厚或薄而已。


林连玉这个华教的“幽灵”(或“鬼魂”,specter, ghost)是活着,也是死着;面对幽灵,即面对一种召唤、唤起对正义的思考,唤起责任。这个幽灵即是也不是民族主义的、父权的、霸权的,哀悼是不应仅是重返,而且还是一种走出:摆脱幽灵。


华教运动应该思考,走出民族主义、走出林连玉的幽灵,走一条“新纪元”的大路,敬告各位:华教是应该(思想性)交棒了,从民族主义和伟人的幽灵走出来,一个真正属于“未来”(尚未not-yet, 将临to come)的华教。


~完~

1 comment:

Anonymous said...

List of racial discriminations in Malaysia, practiced by government as well as government agencies. This list is an open secret. Best verified by government itself because it got the statistics.

This list is not in the order of importance, that means the first one on the list is not the most important and the last one on the list does not mean least important.

This list is a common knowledge to a lot of Malaysians, especially those non-malays (Chinese, Ibans, Kadazans, Orang Asli, Tamils, etc) who were being racially discriminated.

Figures in this list are estimates only and please take it as a guide only. Government of Malaysia has the most correct figures. Is government of Malaysia too ashamed to publish their racist acts by publishing racial statistics?

This list cover a period of about 50 years since independence (1957).

List of racial discriminations (Malaysia):

(1) Out of all the 5 major banks, only one bank is multi-racial, the rest are controlled by malays

(2) 99% of Petronas directors are malays

(3) 3% of Petronas employees are Chinese

(4) 99% of 2000 Petronas gasoline stations are owned by malays

(5) 100% all contractors working under Petronas projects must be bumis status

(6) 0% of non-malay staffs is legally required in malay companies. But there must be 30% malay staffs in Chinese companies

(7) 5% of all new intake for government army, nurses, polices, is non-malays

(8) 2% is the present Chinese staff in Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), drop from 40% in 1960

(9) 2% is the percentage of non-malay government servants in Putrajaya. But malays make up 98%

(10) 7% is the percentage of Chinese government servants in the whole government (in 2004), drop from 30% in 1960

(11) 95% of government contracts are given to malays

(12) 100% all business licensees are controlled by malay government e.g. Approved Permits, Taxi Permits, etc

(13) 80% of the Chinese rice millers in Kedah had to be sold to malay controlled Bernas in 1980s. Otherwise, life is make difficult for Chinese rice millers

(14) 100 big companies set up, managed and owned by Chinese Malaysians were taken over by government, and later managed by malays since 1970s e.g. MISC, UMBC, UTC, etc

(15) At least 10 Chinese owned bus companies (throughout Malaysia, throughout 40 years) had to be sold to MARA or other malay transport companies due to rejection by malay authority to Chinese application for bus routes and rejection for their application for new buses

(16) 2 Chinese taxi drivers were barred from driving in Johor Larkin bus station. There are about 30 taxi drivers and 3 are Chinese in October 2004. Spoiling taxi club properties was the reason given

(17) 0 non-malays are allowed to get shop lots in the new Muar bus station (November 2004)

(18) 8000 billion ringgit is the total amount the government channeled to malay pockets through ASB, ASN, MARA, privatisation of government agencies, Tabung Haji etc, through NEP over 34 years period

(19) 48 Chinese primary schools closed down since 1968 - 2000

(20) 144 Indian primary schools closed down since 1968 - 2000

(21) 2637 malay primary schools built since 1968 - 2000

(22) 2.5% is government budget for Chinese primary schools. Indian schools got only 1%, malay schools got 96.5%

(23) While a Chinese parent with RM1000 salary (monthly) cannot get school-text-book-loan, a malay parent with RM2000 salary is eligible

(24) 10 all public universities vice chancellors are malays

(25) 5% - the government universities lecturers of non-malay origins had been reduced from about 70% in 1965 to only 5% in 2004

(26) Only 5% is given to non-malays for government scholarships over 40 years

(27) 0 Chinese or Indians were sent to Japan and Korea under "Look East Policy"

(28) 128 STPM Chinese top students could not get into the course that they aspired e.g. Medicine (in 2004)

(29) 10% place for non-bumi students for MARA science schools beginning from year 2003, but only 7% are filled. Before that it was 100% malays

(30) 50 cases whereby Chinese and Indian Malaysians, are beaten up in the National Service program in 2003

(31) 25% is Malaysian Chinese population in 2004, drop from 45% in 1957

(32) 7% is the present Malaysian Indians population (2004), a drop from 12% in 1957

(33) 2 million Chinese Malaysians had emigrated to overseas since 40 years ago

(34) 0.5 million Indian Malaysians had emigrated to overseas

(35) 3 million Indonesians had migrated into Malaysia and became Malaysian citizens with bumis status

(36) 600000 are the Chinese and Indian Malaysians with red IC and were rejected repeatedly when applying for citizenship for 40 years. Perhaps 60% of them had already passed away due to old age. This shows racism of how easily Indonesians got their citizenship compare with the Chinese and Indians

(37) 5% - 15% discount for a malay to buy a house, regardless whether the malay is poor or rich

(38) 2% is what Chinese new villages get compare with 98% of what malay villages got for rural development budget

(39) 50 road names (at least) had been changed from Chinese names to other names

(40) 1 Dewan Gan Boon Leong (in Malacca) was altered to other name (e.g. Dewan Serbaguna or sort) when it was being officially used for a few days. Government try to shun Chinese names. This racism happened in around year 2000 or sort

(41) 0 churches/temples were built for each housing estate. But every housing estate got at least one mosque/surau built

(42) 3000 mosques/surau were built in all housing estates throughout Malaysia since 1970. No churches, no temples are required to be built in housing estates

(43) 1 Catholic church in Shah Alam took 20 years to apply to be constructed. But told by malay authority that it must look like a factory and not look like a church. Still not yet approved in 2004

(44) 1 publishing of Bible in Iban language banned (in 2002)

(45) 0 of the government TV stations (RTM1, RTM2, TV3) are directors of non-malay origins

(46) 30 government produced TV dramas and films always showed that the bad guys had Chinese face, and the good guys had malay face. You can check it out since 1970s. Recent years, this tendency becomes less

(47) 10 times, at least, malays (especially Umno) had threatened to massacre the Chinese Malaysians using May 13 since 1969

(48) 20 constituencies won by DAP would not get funds from the government to develop. Or these Chinese majority constituencies would be the last to be developed

(49) 100 constituencies (parliaments and states) had been racistly re-delineated so Chinese voters were diluted that Chinese candidates, particularly DAP candidates lost in election since 1970s

(50) Only 3 out of 12 human rights items are ratified by Malaysia government since 1960

(51) 0 - elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (UN Human Rights) is not ratified by Malaysia government since 1960s

(52) 20 reported cases whereby malay ambulance attendances treated Chinese patients inhumanely, and malay government hospital staffs purposely delay attending to Chinese patients in 2003. Unreported cases may be 200

(53) 50 cases each year whereby Chinese, especially Chinese youths being beaten up by malay youths in public places. We may check at police reports provided the police took the report, otherwise there will be no record

(54) 20 cases every year whereby Chinese drivers who accidentally knocked down malays were seriously assaulted or killed by malays

(55) 12% is what ASB/ASN got per annum while banks fixed deposit is only about 3.5% per annum

There are hundreds more racial discriminations in Malaysia to add to this list of "colossal" racism. It is hope that the victims of racism will write in to expose racism.

Malaysia government should publish statistics showing how much malays had benefited from the "special rights" of malays and at the same time tell the statistics of how much other minority races are being discriminated.

Hence, the responsibility lies in the Malaysia government itself to publish unadulterated statistics of racial discrimination.

If the Malaysia government hides the statistics above, then there must be some evil doings, immoral doings, shameful doings and sinful doings, like the Nazi, going on onto the non-malays of Malaysia.

Civilized nation, unlike evil Nazi, must publish statistics to show its treatment on its minority races. This is what Malaysia must publish……….

We are asking for the publication of the statistics showing how "implementation of special rights of malays" had inflicted colossal racial discrimination onto non-malays.